Dual Burden of Community Violence and Policing in A Large Urban City.

Marginalized urban communities are affected by both high levels of violence and pervasive police presence. This qualitative study examined the dual burden of violence and over-policing, which contributes to hypervigilance and stress among community members. To explore the experiences of individuals residing in a large urban city, we employed photovoice and interviews with 22 participants. Five topic-driven sessions were held with four cohorts. Participants took photos reflecting weekly topics during the week and met for group discussion. During group sessions, participants discussed the meanings of their photos. Sessions lasted approximately 60 min. The group discussion sessions were recorded and transcribed. An inductive coding process was used to identify themes. Four key themes were identified: (1) community violence and over-policing, (2) legitimacy and distrust in law enforcement, (3) adverse effects of dual threats of violence and over-policing on health, and (4) desire for community-led solutions and lack of resources. Participants described their experiences of navigating high crime and violence while attempting to avoid unwanted law enforcement encounters. The ambient police presence in the community did not provide safety for community members who felt exposed to pervasive threats of violence; rather, it contributed to distrust of law enforcement. Duality of legal vs. extralegal aspects of police presence, probable cause vs. excessive police surveillance, and legitimacy vs. distrust of the police created a community environment where people experienced lingering anxiety and stress. Community-led solutions may help improve community safety, stability, and trust.