ArticleJournal of the Saudi Heart Association2026
Clinical Characteristics, Microbiology, and In-Hospital Outcomes of Infective Endocarditis at a Tertiary Cardiac Center in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Article in Journal of the Saudi Heart Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) carries high morbidity and mortality, and its epidemiology in Saudi Arabia reflects a transition in which rheumatic and prosthetic valve disease coexist. Contemporary single-center data describing the clinical profile, microbiology, and in-hospital outcomes of IE in this setting remain limited. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary cardiac center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, including 102 patients with IE diagnosed between October 2020 and December 2024, classified using the modified Duke criteria. Variables were analyzed descriptively. Proportions are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI; Wilson method) against the number of patients with available data, and missing data are reported as an explicit category. The study is reported in accordance with the STROBE statement. Results: The mean age was 46.7 ± 19.2 years (median 48, IQR 34-62), and 56 patients (54.9%, 95% CI 45.2-64.2) were male. The cardiac substrate was heterogeneous: rheumatic heart disease 32.4% (95% CI 24.1-41.9), prosthetic valve disease 30.4% (95% CI 22.3-39.9), degenerative valve disease 18.6% (95% CI 12.3-27.3), and congenital heart disease 14.7% (95% CI 9.1-22.9). Blood cultures were documented in 92 patients, with positivity in 52 (56.5%, 95% CI 46.3-66.2) and a culture-negative rate of 43.5% (95% CI 33.8-53.7). All-cause in-hospital mortality was 24.5% (24/98; 95% CI 17.0-33.9). ICU admission was required in 56.3% (49/87; 95% CI 45.9-66.3) and cardiac surgery in 38.0% (30/79; 95% CI 28.1-49.0). Conclusion: IE at this center presents across a heterogeneous cardiac substrate with substantial in-hospital mortality. A high culture-negative rate and considerable missingness in this retrospective dataset limit precision; findings should be regarded as descriptive and hypothesis-generating. Prospective, protocolized data with systematic long-term follow-up are needed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.