ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Modular engineered outer membrane vesicles for synergistic cancer immunotherapy via PD-L1 blockade and epigenetic reprogramming.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have significantly improved therapeutic outcomes in advanced melanoma; however, their clinical efficacy is greatly limited by low overall response rates and the primary or acquired resistance. Here, we developed a SpyCatcher-engineered bacterial outer membrane vesicle (OMV) platform for the co-delivery of a PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor, the D-PPA1 peptide, and the epigenetic regulator zebularine (Zeb). The resulting co-delivery system, OMV@PPA/Zeb, effectively blocked PD-1/PD-L1 interactions and markedly upregulated melanoma-associated antigens, including CD146 and TRP1, in melanoma cells. In a subcutaneous melanoma mouse model, OMV@PPA/Zeb substantially suppressed tumor growth without noticeable systemic toxicity. Moreover, OMV@PPA/Zeb significantly promoted the infiltration and activation of CD8
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