ArticleFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2026
Association between cardiometabolic index change patterns and incident cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older adults.
Article in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Purpose: No evidence exists regarding the association of long-term cardiometabolic index (CMI) changes with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our aim is to investigate the association and dose-response relationship between cumulative and long-term changes of CMI and incident CVD risk. Materials and methods: The study participants were drawn from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) and English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) cohorts, and Electronic Medical Records (EMR) in a hospital of Inner Mongolia, China. K-means clustering was used to identify CMI change patterns. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to assess the association between cumulative CMI and CMI change patterns and incident CVD risk. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was used to account for the nonlinear relationship of cumulative CMI. Results: Univariate Cox models revealed a significantly higher CVD incidence risk in the higher CMI trajectory groups. This association remained significant after adjusted. Compared with the lowest CMI group, the hazard ratios (HR) for incident CVD in the highest CMI group were 1.82 (95% CI: 1.47-2.26), 1.92 (95% CI: 1.30-2.85), and 2.00 (95% CI: 1.45-2.76) in the three cohorts, respectively. Cumulative CMI was associated with increased CVD risk, with HR of 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01-1.09), 1.15 (95% CI: 1.07-1.23), and 1.04 (95% CI: 1.01-1.07), respectively, and a nonlinear dose-response relationship was observed. Conclusion: Persistently elevated CMI levels are significantly associated with an increased risk of incident CVD among middle-aged and older adults. Long-term monitoring and management of CMI contribute to reducing CVD incidence and improving prognosis.
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