SynthesisFrontiers in oncology2026
Prevalence and multilevel factors associated with clinical breast examination uptake among women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Clinical breast examination (CBE) is a feasible early-detection method in low-resource settings, but critical gaps remain regarding its uptake in sub-Saharan Africa. We estimated the prevalence of CBE uptake and synthesized multilevel factors associated with uptake, organized within a socio-ecological framework. Methods: We conducted a PRISMA-guided systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies assessing self-reported CBE uptake. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, Africa-Wide Information, Google Scholar, and gray literature were searched. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool prevalence estimates and adjusted odds ratios for determinants. Results: The pooled prevalence of CBE uptake was 13% (95% CI, 9-18%). Pooled determinant analyses showed that higher educational attainment, greater household wealth, health insurance coverage, and recent health-facility contact were associated with higher CBE uptake. Internet use, radio listening, and rural residence were not statistically significant in the pooled analysis. Additional non-pooled findings suggested that age, breast cancer awareness, breast self-examination, reproductive and maternal health-service contact, and empowerment-related factors are also associated with CBE uptake. Conclusion: CBE uptake in sub-Saharan Africa is low and socioecologically patterned, underscoring the need for integrated, equity-focused early detection strategies at the individual, community, and health-system levels.
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