ArticleMedicine2026
Long-term trends in mortality of leukemia in Asia from 1992 to 2021: An age-period-cohort and population-based observational analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2021.
Article in Medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Leukemia represents a substantial health burden globally, yet comprehensive studies of long-term mortality trends specific to Asia remain limited. Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 for 1992 to 2021 were used to evaluate leukemia mortality across 34 Asian countries and 5 Global Burden of Disease Study subregions. The age-period-cohort (APC) model examined age, period, and cohort effects on mortality rates. Decomposition analysis quantified contributions of population aging, growth, and epidemiological changes. From 1992 to 2021, leukemia deaths in Asia increased by 18.81%, from 136,446 (95% UI: 111,167-157,844) to 162,117 (95% UI: 131,232-188,521), while age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) declined from 4.96 (95% UI: 4.08-5.69) to 3.39 (95% UI: 2.74-3.94) per 100,000 (net drift: -1.25%, 95% CI: -1.35 to -1.15). High-income Asia Pacific showed the largest ASMR decline (net drift: -1.98%, 95% CI: -2.11 to -1.85), while Southeast Asia had the highest ASMR (4.33, 95% UI: 3.56-5.20). Acute myeloid leukemia led deaths in most subregions, except East Asia, where acute lymphoblastic leukemia predominated (34.60%). Population aging (25.46%) and growth (37.78%) drove mortality increases, while epidemiological changes reduced mortality by 44.43%. Age-period-cohort analysis revealed a U-shaped age effect, with mortality peaking in early childhood (0-4 years: 6.22 [95% CI: 5.86-6.61] per 100 000) and older adults (90-94 years: 21.93 [95% CI: 19.85-24.22] per 100,000). Period effects showed a consistent decline, most notably in High-income Asia Pacific and East Asia. Cohort effects indicated reduced mortality risks in later birth cohorts, particularly in East Asia. Although leukemia ASMR declined substantially across Asia from 1992 to 2021, the absolute number of deaths increased because of population growth and aging. Southeast Asia, where ASMR remained highest, requires strengthened diagnostic and referral systems and improved access to essential leukemia therapies. In East Asia, the predominance of ALL-related deaths warrants further investigation and broader implementation of risk-stratified ALL treatment protocols. Across Asia, leukemia control should prioritize children, older adults, subtype-specific surveillance, pediatric hematology services, and geriatric oncology care to reduce persistent regional disparities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.