ArticlePloS one2026
Development of an intervention for middle adolescents (15-17 years old) using the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) to empower adolescent decision-making regarding HPV vaccination uptake.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionIn the United Kingdom, where a school-based human papillomavirus vaccination programme vaccinates 12-13 year old students, parents/guardians have been the primary decision-makers regarding receipt of the vaccination. As the average age of first sexual intercourse is 15-17 years old, education at this time could provide an opportunity for unvaccinated students to self-consent to vaccination. The aim of this study was to develop a HPV intervention, aimed at middle adolescents (15-17 years old), using the 3 stages of the Behaviour Change Wheel.
methodsA systematic review informed target behaviours and populations. Focus groups and interviews were conducted throughout Northern Ireland with immunisation nurses (n = 26), middle adolescents (n = 34), and post-primary school teachers (n = 12) and nurses (n = 6). Data analysis was guided by the COM-B model to inform a Behavioural Diagnosis. Subsequently, appropriate intervention functions, policy categories and Behaviour Change Techniques were selected with consideration of APEASE criteria.
resultsThe systematic review highlighted the lack of interventions designed for middle adolescents; existing interventions were sparse, commonly not based on behavioural theory and focused on female cancers. The study identified twelve barriers to three target behaviours which included: empowering students to make decisions about HPV; empowering professionals' to design and deliver the intervention; and increasing positive public attitudes regarding HPV vaccination. A behaviour change HPV intervention was developed which included school-based HPV education aligned with mandated curriculum changes, alongside vaccination opportunity. The study identified content, mode of delivery and desirable qualities/characteristics of a professional who could design/deliver the HPV education. A public media campaign was deemed important in supporting this central education. DISCUSSION AND
conclusionThis study highlights political, social and cultural barriers to HPV intervention success and the need for Public Health Authority and Education Authority support. A feasibility pilot study should be undertaken to assess the real-world practicality of this HPV intervention.
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