ArticleJournal of youth and adolescence2026
Gender Gaps in School Grades: Resistance Behavior and Class Compositions in England, Germany, The Netherlands, and Sweden.
Article in Journal of youth and adolescence, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Gender differences in school grades remain poorly understood, especially the extent to which behavioral factors and classroom contexts contribute to these gaps. School resistance behavior, i.e. non-adherence to school norms and rules, rejection of authority, and defiance of educational goals through lack of effort, is more frequently observed among boys. This study examines whether such behavior could help to account for gender differences in school grades and that class-level gender composition may also factor in. Data are drawn from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries (CILS4EU), comprising 18,234 students (M
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