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ReviewMedicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents2026

Indole-based derivatives as anticancer agents: recent advances in structure-activity relationships and biological mechanisms.

Aashik Malik, Mayank Yadav, Jai Parkash Kadian, Komal Mishra, Ramsha, Anurag Rathore, Manisha, Nishant Rathour

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In one paragraph

Review in Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Aashik MalikAdarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247001, Saharanpur, India. aashikmalik24@gmail.com.
Mayank YadavAdarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247001, Saharanpur, India. mayankmp@gmail.com.
Jai Parkash KadianAdarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247001, Saharanpur, India.
Komal MishraAdarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247001, Saharanpur, India.
RamshaAdarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247001, Saharanpur, India.
Anurag RathoreAdarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247001, Saharanpur, India.
ManishaAdarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247001, Saharanpur, India.
Nishant RathourAdarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247001, Saharanpur, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite significant advances in cancer therapy, the clinical efficacy of many anticancer agents remains limited by poor selectivity, systemic toxicity, and the emergence of drug resistance, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Among privileged heterocyclic scaffolds, indole has emerged as a versatile pharmacophore for the development of targeted anticancer agents owing to its structural diversity and broad biological activity. This review critically evaluates recent advances in indole-based anticancer agents, with particular emphasis on structure-activity relationships (SAR), molecular mechanisms, and target-oriented drug design. The discussion encompasses major therapeutic targets, including protein kinases (EGFR, VEGFR-2, CDKs, and Aurora kinases), tubulin, topoisomerases I and II, Bcl-2 family proteins, and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Comparative analysis identifies key SAR trends, successful optimization strategies, and the influence of structural modifications on potency, selectivity, and target specificity. The review further discusses current translational challenges, including pharmacokinetic limitations, toxicity, and resistance, while highlighting emerging approaches such as molecular hybridization, dual-target inhibitors, and rational scaffold optimization. Collectively, this review provides an integrated medicinal chemistry perspective that may facilitate the rational design and clinical translation of next-generation indole-based anticancer therapeutics.

Indexed as

Antineoplastic AgentsIndolesNeoplasmsAnimalsDrug DesignHumansStructure-Activity RelationshipAntineoplastic AgentsIndolesAnticancer agentsIndole derivativesMolecular hybridizationProtein kinasesStructure–activity relationshipTargeted therapy

Identifiers

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.