ArticleACS omega2026
Reduction-Driven Modulation of Relaxivity in Graphene Oxide Derivatives.
Article in ACS omega, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO)-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising platforms in biomedicine, particularly for their potential use as carriers of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs). In this study, we investigate the MRI CA performance of reduced graphene oxide and its dependence on the degree of reduction. To ensure full control, GO was synthesized in-house via a modified Hummers' method and subsequently reduced by two distinct approaches: mild thermal reduction (rGO1) and selective chemical reduction with sodium borohydride (rGO2). Comprehensive physicochemical characterization, including Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), was performed to evaluate the structural changes induced by each reduction process. The MRI performance of GO, rGO1, and rGO2 was assessed at 1.0 T alongside electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements, while inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) quantified residual manganese and iron impurities. EPR and ICP-MS demonstrated that these impurities made a negligible contribution to the relaxivity. Our findings reveal a significant enhancement in MRI relaxivities with an increasing degree of reduction. Chemically reduced rGO2 exhibits the highest longitudinal relaxivity (
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