Conductance-based reversal potentials in spiking recurrent neural networks enhance energy efficiency and task performance.

Spiking recurrent neural networks (SRNNs) rival gated recurrent neural networks (RNNs) on various tasks, yet they still lack several hallmarks of biological neural networks. We introduce a biologically grounded SRNN that implements Dale's law with conductance-based stands for a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reversal potentials. These reversal potentials modulate synaptic gain as a function of the postsynaptic membrane potential, and we derive theoretically how they make each neuron's effective dynamics and subthreshold resonance input-dependent. We trained SRNNs on the Spiking Heidelberg Digits (SHD) dataset and show that SRNNs with reversal potentials reduce spike energy by up to 3 × , while maintaining, or increasing, task accuracy. This leads to high-performing Dalean SRNNs that substantially improve on Dalean networks without reversal potentials. SRNNs with reversal potentials exhibited spike-train statistics closer to Poisson statistics, similar to biological neurons, and showed a substantial reduction in oscillatory activity, leading to increased heterogeneity in response properties. Thus, Dale's law with reversal potentials, a core feature of biological neural networks, can render SRNNs more accurate and energy-efficient.