ArticleBMJ open2026
The SMART-Youth study: protocol for a longitudinal prospective cohort study to identify disease-associated and lifestyle-associated cardiovascular risk factors for preclinical atherosclerosis in children with a chronic condition.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionCardiovascular risk assessment and management in the paediatric population is a relatively uncharted territory. However, atherogenesis starts during childhood, making childhood and adolescence an important window of opportunity to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) later in life. An emerging group at risk for early ASCVD are children with chronic conditions. This paper describes the rationale, design and methods for the Secondary Manifestations of ARTerial diseases in the Young with a chronic condition (SMART-Youth) study. This study aims to identify disease-associated and lifestyle-associated cardiovascular risk factors for preclinical atherosclerosis in children with a chronic condition. The results of this study may fuel development of tailored cardiovascular risk assessment and management strategies in children at-risk. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a prospective longitudinal cohort study including children aged 8-18 years with various chronic conditions (cystic fibrosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic autoimmune disease, chronic kidney disease, primary immunodeficiency, autoinflammatory conditions, inflammatory bowel disease, congenital heart disease, premature birth, fetal growth restriction and children with persistent somatic symptoms) at the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital of the University Medical Center Utrecht in The Netherlands. Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors includes blood pressure, body mass index, visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, nutrition, physical activity, stress, circulating lipids, HbA1c and C-reactive protein measurements. Preclinical atherosclerosis is measured by carotid intima-media thickness, carotid distension and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. These assessments are performed at baseline, 2-year follow-up and 17-18 years of age. Enrollment runs from August 2024 onwards, with a minimal study duration of 15 years and an estimated final sample of more than 2000 children. State-of-the-art regression-based methods will be used to examine the association of cardiovascular risk factors and preclinical atherosclerosis. Longitudinal data analysis methods will be used to model these associations over time. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was granted by the Medical Ethics Review Board of the University Medical Center Utrecht (NL84874.041.23). Written informed consent by participants and their parents is required for participation. Collected data will be made available to researchers upon reasonable request to the Steering Committee. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, presentations at scientific meetings and meetings with patient organisations.
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