ArticleJournal of family medicine and primary care2026
Perspectives of mothers regarding infant swaddling and hip health in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Behavioral trends and associated determinants.
Article in Journal of family medicine and primary care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Infant swaddling that restricts physiological hip flexion and abduction has been identified as a modifiable postnatal risk factor for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Despite increasing biomechanical evidence linking improper swaddling techniques to adverse hip development, caregiver-related determinants of hip-safe swaddling practices remain insufficiently characterized in Middle Eastern populations. Objective: To assess maternal knowledge of DDH and safe swaddling practices and to examine socio-demographic and informational factors associated with knowledge adequacy among mothers residing in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted among mothers with at least one child aged ≤ 5 years living in Riyadh. Data were collected using a previously validated questionnaire assessing DDH awareness and swaddling practices. Knowledge scores were calculated and categorized using predefined thresholds. Associations between socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge levels were examined using Pearson's Chi-squared test. Results: Among 436 respondents, the mean DDH knowledge score was 67%, while knowledge of correct swaddling practices averaged 46.9%. Higher maternal educational attainment and receiving infant care information from healthcare professionals were independently associated with adequate DDH knowledge. Early DDH screening before 6 months of age was also independently associated with adequate swaddling-related knowledge. Reliance on informal information sources, including family members and social networks, was more frequently observed among participants with lower knowledge scores. Conclusion: Maternal awareness of DDH does not consistently translate into knowledge of appropriate hip-safe swaddling techniques. Integration of anticipatory guidance on safe infant positioning into routine pediatric preventive care may represent a modifiable pathway for reducing caregiver-related DDH risk exposures during early infancy.
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