Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42592048›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026

Application of an AI-enhanced interactive virtual clinical reasoning training system in orthodontic residency training.

Qiannan Niu, Yi Wen, Qiuxiang Yuan, Yizhe Qi, Yuanqing Wu, Ying Yao, Jiaojiao He, Lei Wang, Fang Jin

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Qiannan Niu *State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthondontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Yi Wen *State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthondontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Qiuxiang YuanKey Laboratory of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Ministry of Education, Department of Military Health Statistics, Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, China.
Yizhe QiState Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthondontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Yuanqing WuState Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Stomatology Education, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Ying YaoState Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthondontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Jiaojiao HeState Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthondontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Lei WangState Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthondontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Fang JinState Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthondontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Case-based discussion is essential for developing clinical reasoning in orthodontics education, but its traditional format faces limitations in terms of case accessibility, teaching consistency, and scheduling flexibility. To address these challenges, we developed an AI-enhanced interactive virtual clinical reasoning training system and implemented it in our orthodontic curriculum. This study evaluates the educational effectiveness and practical utility of this innovative teaching system. Methods: A controlled trial was conducted with 74 residents who were randomly assigned to either an experimental group ( Results: The experimental group achieved significantly higher case analysis scores and total scores than the control group ( Conclusion: The AI-enhanced interactive virtual clinical reasoning training system significantly improved residents' case analysis performance and learning experience compared to traditional case-based learning. By simulating authentic clinical scenarios derived from real patient cases, the system bridges theoretical knowledge and clinical practice while fostering the development of humanistic competencies. This integrative approach offers a promising pathway for supporting medical students' transition to clinical practice and enhancing case-based education in residency training.

Indexed as

artificial intelligencecase-based discussionclinical reasoningmedical AImedical studentorthodontics education

Identifiers

PMID42592048
PMCPMC13463153

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.