ArticleFrontiers in oncology2026
Cutaneous immune-related adverse events independently predict overall survival with a grade-dependent association in ICI-treated advanced NSCLC: a time-dependent analysis.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Cutaneous immune-related adverse events (cirAE) affect up to 34% of patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, yet their prognostic significance in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains disputed. A key methodological flaw in the existing literature is immortal time bias, which inflates the apparent benefit of cirAE in conventional analyses. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 262 advanced NSCLC patients treated with ICIs at a single institution between January 2021 and January 2025. Patients were classified into cirAE (n=80) and no cirAE (n=182) groups. Time-dependent Cox regression was the primary analysis to address immortal time bias; landmark analysis at 2.2 months (the median cirAE onset) served as a supportive analysis. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS); progression-free survival (PFS) was secondary. Results: In multivariable time-dependent Cox analysis, cirAE was independently associated with improved OS (HR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.35-0.78; P = 0.002). No time-invariant PFS association was observed (HR = 0.91; P = 0.586); a complementary time-varying analysis revealed an early PFS hazard reduction that attenuated over follow-up, consistent with detection bias from more intensive surveillance in cirAE patients. The OS association was consistent across all prespecified subgroups (all P for interaction >0.05), and was confirmed in a sensitivity analysis re-including patients with concurrent non-cutaneous irAE (HR = 0.56; P = 0.002).An exploratory grade-stratified analysis suggested a severity-associated trend: grade 1-2 (HR = 0.51; P = 0.001) and grade 3+ cirAE (HR = 0.33; P = 0.003) showed progressively lower OS hazard estimates (P for trend <0.001; median OS: 18.8, 36.1, and 47.7 months for no cirAE, grade 1-2, and grade 3+ groups, respectively). Discussion: Given the small grade 3+ subgroup (n=21), these findings should be considered hypothesis-generating. cirAE may serve as an early, accessible signal of ICI efficacy in NSCLC. The exploratory severity-outcome gradient suggests that high-grade cirAE may identify patients deriving the greatest benefit from continued ICI therapy under appropriate dermatologic management, pending prospective validation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.