ArticleFrontiers in sports and active living2026
Development and validation of the inclusive sport attitudes scale for pre-service sport professionals (ISA-PS).
Article in Frontiers in sports and active living, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Inclusion in sport extends beyond school-based physical education and requires the active engagement of professionals across diverse sport-related fields. Although several instruments have been developed to assess attitudes toward inclusion among physical education teachers and teacher candidates, there remains a lack of psychometrically validated measures designed for the broader population of future sport professionals. This study aimed to develop and validate the Inclusive Sport Attitudes Scale for Pre-Service Sport Professionals (ISA-PS), a theoretically grounded instrument intended for use across sport education pathways and professional contexts. Methods: The instrument was developed through a multi-stage process involving a systematic review of the literature, expert evaluation, and a qualitative preliminary study with practicing sport professionals. Psychometric evaluation was conducted using data collected from two independent samples of Hungarian university students preparing for diverse sport-related professions (Study 1: Results: Principal component analysis identified a four-factor, 16-item structure accounting for 65.2% of the total variance, encompassing positive willingness, negative components for sport professionals, positive components for participants, and barriers to inclusion. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a bifactor model provided the best representation of the data (CFI = 0.948, TLI = 0.930, RMSEA = 0.047, SRMR = 0.061), supporting the interpretation of both a general inclusive sport attitude factor and meaningful specific dimensions. Reliability analyses demonstrated good internal consistency for the total scale (Cronbach's Conclusion: Together, these findings suggest that the ISA-PS broadens the assessment of inclusive sport attitudes beyond teacher education and school settings. As such, the ISA-PS represents a valid and reliable instrument for assessing inclusive sport attitudes among pre-service sport professionals from different sport-related educational programs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.