SynthesisFrontiers in psychology2026
Cognitive overload in multimedia language learning: a review of attention limits and instructional design strategies.
Synthesis in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Background: Cognitive overload and speaking anxiety are major barriers to second language acquisition, particularly in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and English as a Second Language (ESL) contexts. Multimedia learning, artificial intelligence (AI), mobile learning (m-learning), and cognitive-affective interventions have been proposed to enhance language performance and reduce anxiety; however, their overall effectiveness remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate the effects of multimedia-assisted language learning, cognitive-affective interventions, learner-related factors, and speaking anxiety across educational settings and to quantify their effectiveness through meta-analysis. Methods: This meta-analysis followed systematic evidence-synthesis procedures. A total of 38 studies published between 2013 and 2026 were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool, and evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE criteria. Random-effects inverse-variance models were applied to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I Results: Significant positive effects were observed across all four domains ( Conclusion: Multimedia-assisted learning, AI-enhanced educational environments, and cognitive-affective interventions significantly improve language learning outcomes and reduce speaking anxiety. Speaking anxiety remains a key determinant of language achievement, while psychological factors such as self-efficacy and confidence play crucial roles in successful language acquisition.
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