ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Graft-Specific Neuromuscular Responses and EMG Activities During Running Before and After Running-Induced Fatigue in Individuals with ACL Reconstruction.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundFatigue during intense activity challenges the neuromuscular system and can reveal deficits not evident during lower-demand functional tasks. In individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), differences in graft source may be associated with graft-specific neuromuscular adaptations. Although fatigue-related neuromuscular deficits after ACLR have been reported, few studies have examined whether these responses differ according to graft type during running. This study investigated the effects of running-induced fatigue on lower-limb muscle activity during the stance phase in ACLR patients with different graft types, compared with healthy controls.
methodsFifty-three active males were allocated into four groups: single-bundle hamstring tendon (SB-HT), double-bundle hamstring tendon (DB-HT), allograft, and healthy controls. Participants completed a treadmill-based fatigue protocol that was terminated when they reached a Borg score > 17, which served as the primary criterion for confirming a high level of perceived fatigue. Heart rate ≥ 85% of estimated maximum heart rate was recorded as a complementary physiological indicator of high-intensity exertion. Electromyography (EMG) amplitudes of eight lower-limb muscles were recorded during the early and late stance phases of running, before and after fatigue. A two-way mixed-model ANOVA evaluated the effects of graft type and fatigue condition.
resultsFatigue reduced semitendinosus (
conclusionsGraft type was associated with distinct lower-limb EMG activation patterns during running after ACLR. Fatigue revealed a DB-HT-specific reduction in vastus medialis activation, while the allograft and SB-HT groups showed different compensatory activation profiles. These findings suggest that graft-specific neuromuscular adaptations during fatigue should be considered when developing rehabilitation protocols to improve functional stability and future joint health.
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