An Inductive Sensing System for Optimizing Prosthetic Socket Fit.

This work presents the design, development, and experimental validation of an inductive sensing system for monitoring prosthetic socket fit variations caused by residual limb volume fluctuations. The system aims to reduce the risk of discomfort and tissue injury by measuring the distance between the outer rigid socket and the inner silicone elastomeric liner worn in direct contact with the residual limb. The sensing architecture consists of a portable data acquisition unit, an LC resonator sensor mounted on the inner surface of the rigid socket, and a magnetic silicone target attached to the external surface of the liner. Multiple configurations of LC resonators and magnetic targets were designed and evaluated. The results indicate that a medium-sized coil (outer diameter = 28 mm, capacitance = 181 pF) combined with a 1 mm thick silicone target made of Ecoflex™ 00-50 with 70 wt% NdFeB microparticles provides the most stable and sensitive performance. Experiments demonstrated stable distance detection up to 7 mm, with the resonant-frequency shift (relative to the baseline condition) varying from -31.37 kHz at 0 mm to -2.94 kHz at 7.00 mm, for a total shift range of 29.84 kHz. Environmental tests showed minimal drift, with frequency variations below 0.40 kHz across temperature (25-60 °C) and humidity (50-90% RH) changes. In vitro validation using a high-fidelity residual limb simulator and an adjustable socket reproduced controlled residual limb volume variations of 300 mL (i.e., +7.5%), resulting in repeatable resonant-frequency changes within 3.15-3.17 MHz with measurement variability (uA, Type A) below 0.13 kHz.