ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Thermosensitive Alginate/Carrageenan-Stearic Acid Dissolving Microneedles Incorporating Liposome-Coated Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Controlled Caffeine Delivery.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Caffeine is a promising active for topical pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications; however, its hydrophilic nature can limit passive transport across the stratum corneum and reduce local retention. Although nanoparticle-loaded dissolving microneedles have been explored, few systems combine a hollow porous carrier, a lipid coating, and a polysaccharide matrix within a single controlled-release platform. This study developed thermosensitive dissolving microneedles (DMNs) incorporating caffeine-loaded liposome-coated hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (ULp-Caf@HMSNs). Sodium alginate-κ-carrageenan matrices, with and without stearic acid modification, were evaluated for their effects on thermal behavior, mechanical strength, and caffeine release. HMSNs showed a hollow mesoporous structure and high specific surface area, while FTIR supported successful incorporation of the formulation components. Liposome coating increased particle size while maintaining nanoscale dimensions. Hot-stage microscopy showed temperature-dependent structural changes at approximately 33-35 °C, with lower apparent transition temperatures in stearic acid-containing formulations. All DMNs exhibited compression forces comparable to mechanically competent DMNs, with NaAlg-κ-car systems reaching 14.3-15.1 N per array. Free-caffeine DMNs followed non-Fickian release, whereas ULp-Caf@HMSN-containing formulations followed Higuchi diffusion-controlled release and showed slower caffeine release. Stearic acid did not consistently improve release performance. The novelty of this work lies in integrating a hollow silica reservoir, a liposomal coating, and an alginate-κ-carrageenan microneedle matrix within one platform. Overall, the system provides a basis for further evaluation in controlled topical or transdermal caffeine delivery.
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