ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
The Main Immune Markers of Ligamentum Flavum Hypertrophy: A Narrative Literature Review.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
LF hypertrophy contributes to the narrowing and compression of neural structures, impairing limb function. It is a leading cause of spinal stenosis, particularly in the lumbar region. About 20% of those over 60 show lumbar stenosis on imaging, but over 80% have no symptoms. Surgery is the main treatment option and is only recommended for symptomatic cases. The exact cause of LF hypertrophy remains unclear, though chronic inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress are implicated. Research consistently shows that increased cytokines and growth factors drive extracellular matrix remodeling, immune cell infiltration, and fibroblast and osteoblast activation. The aim of this article is to briefly review the role of the main immune markers that are involved in the pathogenesis of LF hypertrophy. This narrative review is based on a PubMed literature search and includes 23 original articles published between 2019 and 2026.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.