ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2026
Testicular Disorders in Equids: A Case Series.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Equine testicular disorders represent a diverse group of conditions that impact the longevity of a stallion's breeding career. Stud farm veterinarians should be familiar with the variety of clinical presentations and diagnostic options for these conditions. This retrospective case series reports 57 cases of testicular abnormalities in stallions and donkeys presented to the clinic for further diagnostics and treatment. These disorders included neoplasia (three unilateral and one bilateral seminoma; two Sertoli cell tumors; two Leydig cell tumors; and one malignant mixed sex cord-stromal tumor), six cases of testicular hypoplasia and disorders of sexual development (DSDs), twenty-four cases of cryptorchidism with compensatory hypertrophy/hyperplasia, and two cases of monorchidism. Among the monorchid horses, one of these involved an abdominal retained testicle with a concurrent Leydig cell tumor, whereas the second presented a normally scrotal testis. Additional diagnoses consisted of testicular degeneration, including suspected anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism, spermatic cord torsion, hydroceles, periorchitis, scrotal sarcoid associated with severe testicular degeneration, parasitic orchitis and periorchitis associated with
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