Hierarchical Coordination and Institutional Improvement of China's Laboratory Animal Welfare Standard System.

Ecological civilization refers to the harmonious development of humanity and nature, with its core essence lying in respecting nature and rejecting "anthropocentrism"-a concept that aligns perfectly with the principles of animal protection. The protection of laboratory animals, which are most closely tied to human scientific progress, is particularly crucial. For centuries, laboratory animals have served as substitutes and models for humans, treated merely as tools. With the advancement of humanitarianism, however, the protection of laboratory animal welfare has gradually gained greater attention. China has established a system for protecting the welfare of laboratory animals through foundational laws and tiered standards, translating internationally recognized animal protection concepts-such as the "3Rs" principle and the Five Freedoms-into actionable operational requirements, thereby implementing concrete measures to safeguard the welfare of laboratory animals. However, China's relevant standards still face issues such as insufficient enforcement and a lack of mandatory provisions. To safeguard the welfare and rights of laboratory animals, China must integrate animal welfare into the development of an ecological civilization, improve laws and regulations, strengthen talent development, promote technological innovation, and establish a comprehensive system of standards to ensure the welfare of laboratory animals.