ArticleCancers2026
Human Cytomegalovirus Suppresses Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Expression in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Cells: Implications for Endocrine Resistance.
Article in Cancers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundHormone receptor-positive breast cancer depends on estrogen and progesterone signaling, yet factors that modulate hormone receptor expression within tumors remain incompletely understood. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a widespread herpesvirus detected in breast tumors, has been associated with reduced expression of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR), but a direct causal relationship has not been established.
methodsER+/PR+ breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and T47D were infected with HCMV in vitro. ERα and PR protein levels were assessed by immunoblotting, and transcript levels of
resultsHCMV infection resulted in a marked reduction in ERα and PR protein levels in both cell lines, accompanied by decreased
conclusionsThese findings indicate that HCMV exposure suppresses ERα and PR expression in breast cancer cells through a replication-independent mechanism. This effect suggests that viral components or host responses to infection may alter hormone receptor signaling within tumors, with potential implications for hormone receptor signaling and endocrine therapy responsiveness that warrant further investigation. Together, these results identify HCMV as a previously underrecognized modulator of hormone receptor pathways in breast cancer.
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