ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Spinosin: A Critical Updated Review on Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Toxicity and Translational Bottlenecks.
Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS) is a traditional East Asian sedative-hypnotic herb with over 2000 years of clinical application. Spinosin (SPI), a characteristic flavone-C-glycoside, is the official quality marker and principal bioactive constituent of ZSS. Despite extensive research on SPI in recent years, a timely, comprehensive review integrating its pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetic barriers, and translational strategies remains absent. Herein, a systematic literature search was conducted up to 31 May 2026, and we synthesize all available evidence on SPI's chemical properties, natural sources, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, structural derivatives, and advanced drug delivery systems. Our analysis reveals that SPI exerts broad-spectrum pharmacological activities via multi-target modulation of serotonergic/GABAergic neurotransmission, the ERK/CREB/BDNF axis, and the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. However, its clinical translation is severely hindered by extremely low oral bioavailability (<1%) and limited blood-brain barrier penetration due to poor aqueous solubility and P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux. Novel formulations have achieved up to 5-fold enhancement in oral bioavailability in preclinical models. While toxicological studies support a favorable safety profile, long-term toxicity and human pharmacokinetic data are lacking. This review critically discusses key translational bottlenecks and proposes evidence-based future directions to advance SPI as a natural neurotherapeutic agent.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.