ArticleAnnals of medicine and surgery (2012)2026
Obesity as a risk factor for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in individuals younger than 20 years across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021: a benchmarking global analysis.
Article in Annals of medicine and surgery (2012), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Childhood obesity has increased substantially over the past three decades and has been implicated in the development and progression of several malignancies, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study evaluated global trends in the ALL burden attributable to high body mass index (BMI) from 1990 to 2021 using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data. Methods: We conducted an ecological, population-level, cross-sectional time-trend analysis across 204 countries and territories. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), mortality rates, and disability-adjusted life year rates per 100 000 population were extracted. Joinpoint regression was used to assess temporal trends, and Spearman correlation was employed to evaluate associations between national obesity prevalence and ALL incidence. Estimates were derived from GBD comparative risk assessment modeling and are reported with 95% uncertainty intervals. Results: Globally, the ASIR of ALL attributable to high BMI increased from 0.83 to 0.95 per 100 000 between 1990 and 2021 (a 14.2% increase). The highest burden was observed in North America and Western Europe, while middle-income regions demonstrated rising incidence and mortality trends. Country-level obesity prevalence was strongly correlated with ASIR ( Conclusion: This ecological analysis demonstrates a population-level association between rising obesity prevalence and increasing global ALL burden. However, causal inference cannot be established due to the cross-sectional design and reliance on modeled estimates. Findings should be interpreted cautiously, particularly in data-limited settings. Longitudinal and individual-level studies are needed to clarify causality and inform targeted prevention strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.