The evolving role of interventional radiology in ophthalmology: advancements in imaging, therapeutic applications, and future prospects, a narrative review.

Since its establishment, interventional radiology (IR) has played a crucial role in various medical fields, including ophthalmology, in treating various ocular conditions and improving patient outcomes. This review discusses the recent innovations, therapeutic applications, and existing challenges of IR in the ophthalmology field. Multiple modalities of IR, including magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), play a crucial role in diagnosing ocular diseases and tumors. Among them, OCTA, being non-invasive, is preferred over traditional methods for better visualization of ocular microvasculature. IR in eye care offers a less invasive treatment approach and high precision with procedures like targeted chemotherapy, embolization, and CT-guided biopsies. Application of IR in the eye demands high precision, but limitations include limited access to equipment, trained specialists, and high costs. By fusing advanced imaging, artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology for effective treatments, IR has proved revolutionary for eye care. As collaboration between specialists grows and new tools like simulation training and augmented reality/virtual reality improve precision and safety, challenges such as high costs and limited access to technology still need to be addressed. This review will highlight the role of IR in ophthalmology, including minimally invasive procedures and therapeutic approaches. The integration of IR has led to improvements in the management of ocular conditions, with better outcomes and minimal side effects, by enhancing precision and improving recovery time.