ArticleInternational journal of clinical pediatric dentistry2026
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Article in International journal of clinical pediatric dentistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Restorative dentistry has progressed significantly with the advent of adhesive materials, moving away from traditional amalgam restorations due to esthetic limitations and health concerns. While acid-etch techniques have improved the bonding of composite resins to enamel and dentin, achieving durable adhesion to dentin remains a challenge due to its complex structure and susceptibility to degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Natural cross-linking agents rich in proanthocyanidins (PACs), such as grape seed extract (GSE), demonstrated potential in stabilizing dentin collagen by inhibiting MMP activity, thereby enhancing resin-dentin bond strength. Cinnamon, a notable source of PACs with even higher concentrations than GSE, has not yet been thoroughly studied in this context, particularly in permanent teeth. Additionally, there is limited research on the effects of such cross-linking agents on primary teeth, which possess unique structural characteristics. Aim: To assess the efficacy of PAC-rich cross-linking agents extracted from cinnamon and grape seeds in enhancing microshear bond strength (μSBS) at the dentin-resin interface in primary and permanent teeth and compare them with conventional dentin-bonding strategies. Materials and methods: A total of 45 primary molars and 45 permanent premolars were cleaned and sectioned to expose mid-coronal dentin surface. The prepared specimens were then embedded in acrylic resin blocks to facilitate standardized handling and testing. Specimens were randomly allocated into 3 groups: group I-cinnamon extract, group II-GSE, and group III-control. All specimens were etched with 37% phosphoric acid. Specimens in groups I and II received cross-linkers for 60 seconds before the application of bonding agent and composite resin. After 24 hours of storage at room temperature, μSBS was tested using a universal testing machine, and failure modes were examined under a stereomicroscope. Results: The cinnamon extract group exhibited the highest μSBS, followed by the GSE group and the control group. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a statistically significant difference in the mean μSBS values among the groups for both primary and permanent teeth, with Conclusion: PAC-rich cross-linking agents such as cinnamon extract and GSE demonstrated better bonding performance than conventional bonding techniques.
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