ArticleAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2026
Confinement-Induced Donnan Potential Enables Sealed Hydrovoltaic Power From Microliter Water.
Article in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Hydrovoltaic power generation offers a promising route for sustainable energy generation, yet existing systems typically rely on evaporation-driven flow or environmental moisture gradients, limiting device encapsulation and compact integration. Here, we introduce a confinement-induced ion-selective mechanism that enables sealed hydrovoltaic power generation from minimal water input. By engineering asymmetric nanochannel confinement in MXene/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composites, localized hydration generates spatially distinct cation selectivity, establishing a persistent ion gradient and a confinement-dependent Donnan potential that drives capacitive charge accumulation. The harvested energy derives from substantial interfacial free energy released upon hydration of nanochannels with a high surface-to-volume ratio. Slow capillary migration then delays relaxation of the ion gradient, sustaining this charging and prolonging the resulting direct current (DC) output, without reliance on evaporation-driven flow or ambient humidity. Consequently, a single 3 µL water droplet enables stable DC output for up to 45 h. The device operates robustly under airflow (5-20 L min
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