ArticleJournal of fluorescence2026
Impact of Biotinylation Strategy on the Luminescent Properties and Quantum Yield of Carbon Dots.
Article in Journal of fluorescence, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Impact of biotinylation strategy on the luminescent properties and quantum yield of carbon dots (CDs) is systematically investigated for four types of solvothermally synthesized CDs from citric acid and urea in dimethylformamide (CD-CU), citric acid in formamide (CD-CF), citric acid and ethylene diamine in formamide (CD-CEF), and glutathione in formamide (CD-GF) emitting in the 470-690 nm range. We compare direct carbodiimide coupling (EDC/NHS) with a two-step method employing presynthesized biotin NHS ester, followed by conjugation to CDs in aqueous media. Direct coupling (Method 1) leads to substantial quenching of surface-related emissive centers and formation of urea by-products, which strongly reduce photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), while careful purification partially restores the initial optical responses. In contrast, the NHS-ester strategy (Method 2) efficiently attaches biotin with minimal perturbation of the CD optical responses, preserving or even enhancing PLQY. In particular, glutathione/formamide-derived CDs (CD-GF) demonstrate the highest robustness: their deep-red emission is retained, and PLQY increases from 10.6% for pristine CDs to 15.5% after biotin NHS-ester functionalization. Cytotoxicity assays on A549 and HeLa cells confirm low toxicity at relevant concentrations, supporting the applicability of biotinylated CD-GF as red-emitting nanoprobes for targeted fluorescence bioimaging and theranostic applications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42581296What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.