Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42581030›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2026

Probing effect modification by socioeconomic status in associations between blood biomarkers of neuropathology and cognitive outcomes in the United States and India.

Emma Nichols, Jung Ki Kim, Leon M Aksman, Alden L Gross, Peifeng Hu, Lindsay C Kobayashi, Bharat Thyagarajan, Jinkook Lee, Eileen M Crimmins

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Emma NicholsCenter for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9005-3872
Jung Ki KimLeonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Leon M AksmanStevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Alden L GrossDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Peifeng HuDivision of Geriatric Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Lindsay C KobayashiDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Bharat ThyagarajanDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Jinkook LeeCenter for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Eileen M CrimminsLeonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Funding

HRS Yrs29-34: Y33 SSA CoFundingU01AG009740 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Jessica Faul, KENNETH M LANGA · 1990 to 2026
$555.8M
Integrting Information About Aging SurveysR01AG030153 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Sara Adar, Alden L. Gross · 2007 to 2026
$41.7M
Leveraging a natural experiment to estimate the causal impact of blood sugar on dementia and cognition in IndiaR01AG051125 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Jinkook Lee · 2015 to 2026
$26.8M
Harmonized Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia (DAD) for Longitudinal Aging Study of India (LASI)-Genomic study.U01AG064948 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI KARDIA, SHARON L, LEE, JINKOOK · 2019 to 2023
$12.5M
Modifiable Protective and Risk Factors of Late-Life Cognitive Health and DementiaRF1AG055273 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI LANGA, KENNETH M, LEE, JINKOOK · 2017 to 2017
$4.0M
Biomarkers of neurodegeneration in the US and India: A cross-national evaluation of the biological underpinnings of ADRDRF1AG088003 · NIA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI CRIMMINS, EILEEN M, GROSS, ALDEN L. · 2024 to 2024
$2.4M
Non-educational sources of later-life cognitive reserve and resilience among older adults with and without formal education in IndiaRF1AG087965 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI KOBAYASHI, LINDSAY C, LEE, JINKOOK · 2024 to 2024
$2.2M
National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging R01AG051125National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging RF1AG087965National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging RF1AG088003NIA NIH HHS R01 AG030153NIA NIH HHS R01 AG051125NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG055273NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG087965NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG088003NIA NIH HHS U01 AG009740NIA NIH HHS U01 AG064948
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionSocioeconomic factors influence cognitive outcomes and may modify associations between neuropathologies and cognitive outcomes, yet evidence from low- and middle-income contexts remains scarce.

methodsWe used harmonized data from nationally representative studies in the United States (Health and Retirement Study - Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol [HRS-HCAP]; N = 1956) and India (Longitudinal Aging Study in India - Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia [LASI-DAD]; N = 1485) and multivariable-adjusted linear regression models to examine effect modification of associations between blood biomarkers of neuropathology (amyloid beta [Aβ]42/40, phosphorylated tau [p-tau-181], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], and neurofilament light chain [NfL]) and dementia-related outcomes (cognitive functioning, dementia) by socioeconomic factors (educational attainment, paternal education, and total household wealth and assets).

resultsNeuropathology biomarkers were associated with cognitive outcomes in both samples; however, no consistent evidence of effect modification by socioeconomic factors was observed across included biomarkers or cognitive measures. DISCUSSION: These findings suggested limited modification of blood biomarker-cognition relationships by socioeconomic status in diverse settings, potentially influenced by random measurement error, regression dilution bias, and low power. Further comparisons across biomarker modalities are warranted to clarify expected associations.

Indexed as

BiomarkersCognitionDementiaSocial ClassAgedAmyloid beta-PeptidesFemaleGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinHumansIndiaLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedNeurofilament ProteinsSocioeconomic Disparities in Healthtau ProteinsAmyloid beta-PeptidesBiomarkersGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinNeurofilament Proteinstau Proteinsamyloidblood biomarkercognitive reservecross‐nationalneurodegenerationsocioeconomic statustau

Identifiers

PMID42581030
PMCPMC13461777

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.