Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42579253›Full record

ArticleProbiotics and antimicrobial proteins2026

High Burden of Vaginal Infections and Multidrug Resistance With Promising Probiotic Candidates From Cervicovaginal Microbiota in North Region, Cameroon.

Nodem Sohanang Francky Steve, Yemele Mefokou Didiane, Iwewe Somo Yves, Palou Zoua Arno, Ndjida Gbayara Romuald, Gberi Emgbang Arnaud, Mengue Marie Jeanne Corina, Katoua Ndeguena Fabrice, Fodouop Chegaing Simeon-Pierre, Sokeng Dongmo Selestin and 2 more

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Article in Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Nodem Sohanang Francky SteveDepartment of Food Engineering and Quality Control, University Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon. nodemfranckysteve@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6346-6666
Yemele Mefokou DidianeDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Iwewe Somo YvesDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Palou Zoua ArnoDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Ndjida Gbayara RomualdDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Gberi Emgbang ArnaudDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Mengue Marie Jeanne CorinaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Katoua Ndeguena FabriceDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Fodouop Chegaing Simeon-PierreDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Sokeng Dongmo SelestinDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, P.O. Box 455, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Tatsadjieu Ngoune LeopoldDepartment of Food Engineering and Quality Control, University Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Mohammadou Bouba AdjiDepartment of Food Engineering and Quality Control, University Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Vaginal infections are a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, where antimicrobial resistance increasingly compromises clinical management. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vaginal infections, describe their antimicrobial resistance profiles, and evaluate the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from cervicovaginal samples of women consulting in Garoua, North Cameroon. A mixed retrospective-prospective and analytical study was conducted at three hospital facilities in Garoua (January 2023-December 2024). Microbial identification used the VITEK 2 system and API 50 CHL galleries. Antibacterial and antifungal susceptibility were interpreted per EUCAST guidelines (versions 13.1-14.0) and CLSI M60 breakpoints, respectively. LAB isolates were characterized for safety, physiological tolerance, aggregation capacity, and antimicrobial activity. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, odds ratio, Shannon diversity index, MARI, and PCA. Among 877 records analyzed, overall prevalence was 60.55% (95% CI: 57.27%-63.73%), declining significantly from 69.60% in 2023 to 53.78% in 2024 (OR = 1.97; p < 0.0001). Women aged 15-35 years were most affected (62.55%), with a seasonal peak in August (69.31%). Gardnerella vaginalis predominated (52.02%), followed by Candida albicans (18.60%). Clotrimazole (85.50%) showed critical antifungal resistance, while econazole retained the greatest activity (82.11% sensitivity). All five bacterial species fulfilled multidrug resistance criteria, with resistance confirmed in ≥ 82% of antibiotic families tested per species. Six LAB isolates identified as Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, and Lactococcus raffinolactis displayed satisfactory probiotic profiles, including absence of virulence factors, acid and bile stress tolerance, strong aggregation capacity, and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Escherichia coli. This study reveals a high burden of vaginal infections with alarming multidrug resistance in Garoua. The identified LAB isolates represent promising locally sourced candidates for vaginal probiotic development. Institutionalized antimicrobial surveillance, revised antifungal prescribing practices, and targeted prevention campaigns are urgently needed.

Indexed as

Antimicrobial resistanceCameroonGarouaLactic acid bacteriaProbiotic potentialVaginal infections

Identifiers

PMID42579253

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.