Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42579237›Full record

ArticleVeterinary research communications2026

Five cases of tremorgenic mycotoxicosis in dogs - clinical aspects and analytical methods.

Leon Hart, Christina Rehagel, Michael Kuhn, André Taube, Lukas Jozefowitz, Esther Hassdenteufel, Benedikt Cramer, Ömer Akineden, Ewald Usleber

Abstract readCase Reports
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Veterinary research communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Leon HartChair of Dairy Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University, Ludwigstrasse 21, Giessen, 35390, Germany. Leon.Hart@uni-giessen.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-7260-3726
Christina RehagelFaculty of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Hochschule Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach, Germany.
Michael KuhnInstitute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
André TaubeClinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig- University, Giessen, Germany.
Lukas JozefowitzClinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig- University, Giessen, Germany.
Esther HassdenteufelClinic for Small Animals, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig- University, Giessen, Germany.
Benedikt CramerInstitute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Ömer AkinedenChair of Dairy Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University, Ludwigstrasse 21, Giessen, 35390, Germany.
Ewald UsleberChair of Dairy Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University, Ludwigstrasse 21, Giessen, 35390, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Tremorgenic mycotoxicosis is a well-recognized cause of acute neurotoxicosis in dogs, most commonly associated with penitrem A (PTA), which is mainly produced by Penicillium crustosum. However, analytical confirmation of such cases is rare. This study describes five clinical cases of canine tremorgenic mycotoxicosis in Germany, together with comprehensive analytical confirmation. All dogs had been presented at the veterinary clinic of Justus-Liebig-University because of acute-onset generalized tremors. Clinical findings, therapeutic measures and final outcome were documented. Samples of gastric content (induced emesis or gastric lavage) and blood serum (if available) were analyzed for several neurotoxic mycotoxins, penitrems A-F, paxilline (PAX), α-cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), and ergoline alkaloids. Analysis was done by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and by HPLC-MS/MS. EIA of gastric content was positive for PTA in all samples, and for PAX, CPA, and ergoline alkaloids in some. HPLC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of penitrems A-F, PAX, and CPA. Trace levels of PTA, PAX and CPA were also detected in serum samples. Penitrem producing P. crustosum was isolated from gastric content of all animals. This is the first full analytical study on acute canine tremorgenic mycotoxicoses in Germany, and presents comprehensive results along the causal chain of tremorgenic mycotoxicosis. In addition to the penitrems, several other neurotoxic mycotoxins (PAX, CPA, ergoline alkaloids) may play a role in canine mycotoxicosis. While immediate stabilisation and symptomatic treatment are paramount, prompt mycotoxin testing can help identify the source of poisoning during differential diagnosis.

Indexed as

Dog DiseasesMycotoxicosisMycotoxinsPenicilliumTremorAnimalsChromatography, High Pressure LiquidDogsFemaleGermanyIndole AlkaloidsIndolesMaleTandem Mass Spectrometrycyclopiazonic acidIndole AlkaloidsIndolesMycotoxinsCyclopiazonic acidDog mycotoxicosisMycotoxins - penitrem APaxillinePenicillium crustosum

Identifiers

PMID42579237
PMCPMC13461703

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.