Silicosis history: from antiquity to the anthropocene.

Silicosis is the oldest occupational lung disease known to medicine and, at the same time, one of the most contemporary public health emergencies. Described in classical antiquity, given monographic attention by Paracelsus and Agricola, established as the founding example of occupational medicine by Ramazzini in 1700, and named by Visconti in 1870, the disease was widely assumed by the late 20th century to be a controlled relic of heavy industry. Yet over the past two decades it has returned with force as an acute and accelerated disease of the young, through two technology-driven outbreaks: denim sandblasting and the fabrication of engineered (artificial) stone. This article traces silicosis across roughly 2,500 years and argues that its history is best understood less as a story of mineralogy than as one of political economy: of who works, who profits, who is believed, and who is compensated. This article integrates three dimensions usually treated apart: the medical history of recognition and pathophysiology; the social history of class, race and the deliberate manufacture of doubt; and the history of labor mobilization and health policy, from the world's first silicosis compensation statute (South Africa, 1911) and the 1930 Johannesburg conference of the International Labor Office (ILO) to the United States silica standard of 2016 and Australia's world-first prohibition of engineered stone in 2024. As Sisyphus was condemned to roll a boulder uphill only to watch it roll back each time he neared the summit, so each silicosis epidemic that one society defeats tends to reappear in another; we argue that this cyclical recurrence is driven by economic disparity. Each time a wealthy jurisdiction eliminates a hazardous process, that process, and with it the disease, migrates to a poorer country or a less-regulated sector rather than disappearing, and until those underlying inequalities are addressed the boulder will keep rolling back down. This article closes with a forward projection on emerging hazards, diagnostics, the prospects for the World Health Organization-ILO goal of global elimination, and the equity question of who is left behind. Silicosis is wholly preventable; its persistence is therefore a political choice, not a scientific mystery.