ArticleInternational journal of general medicine2026
Age Modifies the Association Between Smoking and Carotid Artery Plaque: A Cross-Sectional Study in Non-Diabetic Adults.
Article in International journal of general medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To examine whether age modifies the cross-sectional association between current smoking and carotid artery plaque (CAP) in non-diabetic adults. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 9088 non-diabetic adults undergoing health examinations at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. CAP was assessed via ultrasonography. Smoking was classified as current smoker versus non-smoker (including former smokers). Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the interaction between current smoking and age group (<45 vs ≥45 years). Sensitivity analyses included age-stratified models, a continuous age-by-smoking interaction model, additional adjustment for drinking status, and a male-only analysis. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis characterized the non-linear association between age and CAP. Results: CAP was detected in 1086 (11.95%) participants. A significant age-group-by-smoking interaction was observed (interaction OR = 0.342, 95% CI: 0.223-0.522; Conclusion: Current smoking was associated with prevalent CAP predominantly among adults aged <45 years, and the relative association weakened at older ages. These findings support age-aware interpretation of smoking-related carotid atherosclerosis but should be considered hypothesis-generating because of the cross-sectional design and lack of cumulative smoking exposure data.
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