ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
A comprehensive re-evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Kaufman survey of early academic and language skills in Turkish children aged 48-72 months: multidimensional structure, measurement invariance, and validity evidence.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The assessment of early academic and language skills across different cultural contexts requires robust psychometric validation. Although the Kaufman Survey of Early Academic and Language Skills (K-SEALS) has been adapted into Turkish, there is a need to re-evaluate its psychometric properties using contemporary analytical approaches. Methods: This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of K-SEALS in a sample of 385 children aged 48-72 months attending preschool institutions in Konya, Turkey. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using Diagonally Weighted Least Squares (DWLS) estimation was conducted to test the multidimensional structure of the scale. Measurement invariance across gender was examined using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, whereas developmental sensitivity was evaluated by examining the relationships between chronological age and subtest scores. Convergent and discriminant validity analyses were also performed. Reliability was assessed using internal consistency and test-retest methods. Results: The findings supported the theoretically proposed multidimensional structure of the scale, with model fit indices within acceptable ranges. Measurement invariance across gender was established, indicating structural equivalence. Convergent and discriminant validity analyses confirmed that the K-SEALS dimensions represent related but distinct constructs. Reliability results demonstrated strong internal consistency and temporal stability. High inter-factor correlations suggested that early academic and language skills function as an integrated developmental system. Conclusion: The results provide further psychometric evidence for the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of K-SEALS. The findings provide additional evidence for the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of K-SEALS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.