ReviewCureus2026
Autoimmune Manifestations Following COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been linked to immune dysregulation and autoantibody formation, raising concern that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may precipitate new-onset autoimmune disease. This systematic review synthesises controlled observational evidence on the incidence and risk of autoimmune manifestations following confirmed COVID-19. Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 guidelines, electronic databases were searched from inception upto the search date for original cohort or case-control studies comparing incident autoimmune disease in individuals with versus without confirmed COVID-19. Eligibility was structured using the PICOS (Population, Intervention/Exposure, Comparator, Outcome, and Study design) framework. Methodological quality was appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. Findings were synthesised narratively. Eight large cohort studies, drawn from multiple national health systems and collectively encompassing tens of millions of individuals, met the inclusion criteria. Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was consistently associated with an increased risk of incident autoimmune disease spanning rheumatological, dermatological, vasculitic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, haematological, and neurological domains, with adjusted hazard ratios ranging from approximately 1.3 to 3.0. Connective tissue, vasculitic, and antibody-mediated disorders were most frequently implicated. Several studies demonstrated a severity-dependent gradient and attenuation of risk over time, and one cohort reported a reduced risk among vaccinated individuals. The overall certainty of evidence was low to moderate. Confirmed COVID-19 is associated with an increased, though in absolute terms modest, risk of new-onset autoimmune disease, most reproducibly affecting connective tissue, vasculitic, and antibody-mediated conditions. The observational evidence supports clinical vigilance, particularly after severe infection, while prospective studies with validated outcomes and infection comparators are needed to confirm causality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.