ArticleMethodsX2026
A 3- 2-1 reflective journaling method for cultivating caring behaviors and compassionate empathy in clinical nursing education.
Article in MethodsX, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Clinical nursing programs use reflective journals to connect patient encounters with caring behavior and compassionate empathy, yet open-ended journals often vary in depth, confidentiality safeguards, and faculty feedback. This method article presents a low-cost 3- 2-1 reflective journaling method for medical-surgical clinical education. After each clinical session, students write three realizations, two discoveries, and one challenge with an action plan. Faculty deliver a shared orientation, protect confidentiality, use a formative rubric, provide timely feedback, and conduct debriefing to reinforce patient-centered learning. The method was implemented with 139 third-year nursing students and validated using pre-post CBI-16 Student and KCES-R scores. Caring behavior improved from 90.71 ± 4.98 to 91.62 ± 5.69 (Wilcoxon p = 0.0002; estimated r = 0.32), and compassionate empathy improved from 94.26 ± 5.77 to 95.50 ± 3.66 (p = 0.0001; estimated r = 0.33). Because baseline scores were already high, the findings should be interpreted as modest but educationally meaningful gains rather than large clinical shifts.•Structures reflection into three realizations, two discoveries, and one challenge/action plan for consistent clinical learning and assessment.•Standardizes orientation, confidentiality guidance, rubric-based feedback, debriefing, fidelity checks, and troubleshooting for faculty implementation across rotations.•Provides validation evidence supporting reproducible adoption in nursing programs seeking measurable caring and empathy outcomes.
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