ArticleEnvironmental science and ecotechnology2026
Stricter vehicle standards reduce total pollutants but increase the fraction of toxic organics.
Article in Environmental science and ecotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Vehicular emissions are a primary source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which drive urban ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation while posing direct risks to human health. Progressive emission standards and the widespread adoption of hybrid electric vehicles have successfully reduced total hydrocarbon outputs, establishing them as central strategies for climate and air quality management. However, the influence of these technological shifts on the molecular speciation of emissions-and their associated environmental and toxicological trade-offs-remains poorly understood, potentially masking hidden health risks. Here we apply a concentration-reactivity-toxicity framework to characterize species-resolved VOC emissions across conventional and hybrid vehicles under progressive emission standards. While stricter regulations reduced total VOC emissions by 75% in conventional vehicles, the relative contribution of highly reactive oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) surged from 20% to 35%. Notably, a modern hybrid vehicle emitted nearly twice the mass of OVOCs (25.4 mg km
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