ArticleAntonie van Leeuwenhoek2026
Prevalence, antifungal susceptibility, and virulence determinants of Candida species causing vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnant women in Saudi Arabia.
Article in Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common opportunistic fungal infection of the female genital tract, primarily associated with Candida overgrowth influenced by host factors, hormonal changes, microbial imbalance, and environmental conditions. This study examined the prevalence, antifungal susceptibility, and virulence factors of Candida species in 440 pregnant women (ages 18-55) with vulvovaginitis and vaginal discharge at a Saudi Arabian hospital. The study was conducted from March 2022 to February 2023 at a tertiary hospital in Hail, Saudi Arabia, including 440 pregnant women with vaginitis. Vaginal swabs were cultured for Candida, with species identification and antifungal susceptibility testing performed using the Vitek-2 Compact system against five antifungals. Multiplex PCR was used to detect virulence genes (Hwp, Als, Sap, Hlp). Among them, 114 (25.9%) tested positive for Candida species, with Candida albicans being most prevalent (42.1%), followed by C. glabrata (19.3%) and C. tropicalis (12.3%). Most cases occurred during the second trimester (67%), with an average age of 27 years. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed that nystatin exhibited 49.1% susceptibility, 19.3% susceptible-dose dependence (SDD), and 31.6% resistance. Clotrimazole demonstrated 40.4% susceptibility, 26.3% SDD, and 33.3% resistance. Itraconazole showed 50.9% susceptibility, 28% SDD, and 21.1% resistance. Fluconazole exhibited 43.8% susceptibility, 8.8% SDD, and the highest resistance rate (47.4%). Voriconazole was the most effective antifungal agent, with 93% susceptibility, 3.5% SDD, and 3.5% resistance. Virulence analysis showed C. albicans had high Hwp (91.7%) and Sap (54.2%) gene detection, while C. glabrata and C. tropicalis exhibited elevated Hlp and Als levels, respectively. This study highlights the high prevalence of VVC in the second trimester and emphasizes the importance of virulence factors in pathogenicity. Voriconazole emerges as the most effective treatment, emphasizing the need for targeted diagnostics and therapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42576069What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.