ArticleClinical and experimental nephrology2026
5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin (NZ-419), an endogenous antioxidant, attenuates mycotoxin-induced oxidative stress in human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells.
Article in Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundExposure to foodborne mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) causes severe oxidative stress-mediated nephropathy. This study investigated the protective potential of 5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin (NZ-419), an endogenous creatinine metabolite, against OTA- and CIT-induced toxicity in human proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells.
methodsWe evaluated the radical-scavenging activity of NZ-419 using cell-free assays, including electron spin resonance. In HK-2 cells, its effects on mycotoxin-induced cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and related signaling pathways were assessed using biochemical assays, Western blotting, and qPCR. The effects of NZ-419 on hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced cellular stress were also examined.
resultsNZ-419 selectively scavenged hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite. In HK-2 cells, it significantly attenuated OTA-induced cytotoxicity. While not fully restoring viability in CIT-treated cells, it effectively mitigated oxidative stress induced by both mycotoxins. NZ-419 prevented MMP depolarization and upregulated Bcl-2, indicating anti-apoptotic potential. It suppressed ROS overproduction and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression while activating the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant genes (SOD1, CAT, and GPx). Furthermore, NZ-419 reduced HIF-1α and CTGF expression under both mycotoxin-induced and hypoxia-reoxygenation conditions.
conclusionNZ-419 selectively scavenges toxic radicals and attenuates mycotoxin-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in HK-2 cells. These findings provide mechanistic evidence for the protective effects of NZ-419 and support its potential as a renoprotective agent against oxidative stress-related kidney injury.
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