ReviewThe Saudi dental journal2026
Bidirectional influences and clinical implications of psychological factors and oral health during orthodontic treatment.
Review in The Saudi dental journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
introductionPsychological factors such as anxiety and stress frequently affect orthodontic treatment outcomes, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To review evidence on how psychological factors influence orthodontic outcomes and to describe the biological pathways involved.
methodsWe conducted a narrative review of Web of Science and PubMed up to January 2025, including 102 peer-reviewed studies on orthodontics, psychology, oral microbiota, taste, and inflammatory markers.
resultsPsychological factors affect orthodontic treatment through three pathways: First, nervous system activation (HPA axis and autonomic nervous system); Second, alterations in oral microbiota and salivary biomarkers (cortisol, α-amylase, s-IgA), and third, modulation of alveolar bone remodeling via pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8). Taste changes under stress may indirectly alter dietary habits and oral microbial ecology. Most evidence is cross-sectional, limiting causal inference.
conclusionPsychological factors significantly influence orthodontic outcomes via measurable biological mechanisms. Routine psychological assessment and patient education should be integrated into orthodontic practice.
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