ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2026
Women exhibit different thermoregulatory responses to meal and cold stimuli compared to men independently of energy expenditure and body composition.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND &
aimsMeal-induced thermogenesis (MIT) and cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT) are components of adaptive thermogenesis, both potential contributors to energy balance and body composition. This study examined sex differences in thermogenic and thermoregulatory responses to a meal and to cold exposure, and evaluated their associations with body composition in young adults.
methodsSixty-three adults (68% women) with valid MIT data, and forty-eight (63% women) with valid CIT data were included. Energy expenditure (EE) was assessed via indirect calorimetry during standardized meal and cold exposure tests. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Skin temperature was continuously monitored using wireless sensors.
resultsEE increased after both meal intake and cold exposure (both P < 0.01) in men and women. During MIT, women exhibited higher mean and proximal skin temperatures than men (P < 0.04). Similar differences were observed during CIT (P < 0.03). MIT and CIT were not associated with body composition parameters (all P > 0.05). CIT was positively associated with supraclavicular skin temperature (R
conclusionDespite similar EE during MIT and CIT, women show higher skin temperatures during both tests, suggesting greater thermoregulatory efficiency. Supraclavicular skin temperature may serve as a non-invasive physiological indicator of CIT.
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