SynthesisEndocrinology, diabetes & metabolism2026
Neuropeptide Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Circulating Spexin and Galanin Levels.
Synthesis in Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundSpexin and galanin are neuropeptides involved in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, appetite, and energy metabolism. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesise evidence on circulating spexin and galanin concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
methodsPubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were systematically searched from inception to March 22, 2026. Observational studies reporting circulating spexin and/or galanin levels in adults with T2DM and non-diabetic controls were included. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses, meta-regression, sensitivity analyses, prediction intervals, and publication bias assessments were conducted.
resultsNineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen studies (1453 T2DM and 850 controls) showed significantly lower circulating spexin levels in T2DM (SMD = -2.37, 95% CI: -3.21 to -1.53; p < 0.0001), with substantial heterogeneity (I
conclusionsCirculating spexin levels are significantly decreased, whereas galanin levels are significantly increased in T2DM. These neuropeptides show potential as biomarkers of metabolic dysregulation and diabetic complications; however, the findings should be interpreted with caution owing to the very low certainty of the available evidence.
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