Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42572538›Full record

ArticleDigital health

The AI-educated patient.

Sholem Hack, Rebecca Attal, Ron J Karni

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Digital health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Sholem HackCity St. George's University London School of Medicine, Program Delivered by University of Nicosia at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0651-6994
Rebecca AttalCity St. George's University London School of Medicine, Program Delivered by University of Nicosia at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
Ron J KarniDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Patients increasingly consult generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools before and after clinical encounters. We argue this represents a qualitative shift beyond the "Dr. Google" era: large language models (LLMs) synthesise information into coherent, guideline-framed narratives that may raise the baseline knowledge patients bring to consultations. We introduce the concept of the "AI-educated patient" and a related conceptual framework, "soft accountability", describing the informal pressure that may arise when well-informed patients enter consultations with structured expectations. We discuss potential mechanisms by which AI-mediated patient education could influence clinician behaviour, while framing these explicitly as hypotheses awaiting empirical testing. Substantial risks remain, including hallucinations, false patient confidence, inequities in AI access and literacy, clinician workload implications, and privacy concerns. The opportunity and challenge is to harness this shift equitably for both sides of the clinical relationship.

Indexed as

clinical accountabilityclinical encounterdigital health ethicsgenerative artificial intelligencepatient activationpatient educationshared decision-making

Identifiers

PMID42572538
PMCPMC13452930

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.