Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42572155›Full record

ArticleJournal of viral hepatitis2026

Characterising Hepatitis D Virus in the UK From 2011 to 2021.

R Simmons, S Ijaz, R Jackson, K Jack, R Mulongeni, R Raghu, A Riddell, A Elsharkawy, A Uriel, A Koffas and 58 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of viral hepatitis, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

68 authors.

R SimmonsUK Health Security Agency, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-0146
S IjazUK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
R JacksonNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
K JackNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8596-4073
R MulongeniUK Health Security Agency, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6840-7291
R RaghuUK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
A RiddellBarts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
A ElsharkawyNIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5369-3734
A UrielManchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
A KoffasBarts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
A ChaikaBarts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
A LawsonUniversity Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK.
A ColeImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
A McEwanManchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6966-605X
A BrownImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
B StoneSheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
C LevickRoyal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.
D ByrneLiverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
D FortonSt George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
D MacDonaldRoyal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
D FordePublic Health Wales, Cardiff, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2452-9868
E NastouliUniversity College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
E BarnesOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
E SumnerMicropathology Ltd, Coventry, UK.
E PageLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
I CareyInstitute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK.
F J VilarManchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
J MaggsBuckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK.
J CollierOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
J ShepherdThe Lothian University Hospitals NHS Trust, Edinburgh, UK.
K AgarwalInstitute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4754-828X
K BicknellPortsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK.
K AlaHampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke, UK.
K DearChesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chesterfield, UK.
L RatcliffeLiverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
M BruceInstitute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK.
H ZhangCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
L RivettCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
M MaesUK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
M AnkcornSheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
M AldersleyLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
M PrinceManchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
M LemoineImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
M FoxtonImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
M WrightUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
M CrampUniversity Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK.
M WiselkaUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.
N EasomHull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Kingston upon Hull, UK.
P RichardsonLiverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
R GunsonWest of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
R HerbertRoyal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
R BlackwellCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
R JelleyLiver Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
R AspinallPortsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK.
R SimpsonPortsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK.
R ClewesMicropathology Ltd, Coventry, UK.
S AhmadManchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
S McphersonLiver Unit and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5638-2453
S RyderNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
S VermaDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Brighton and University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7021-8409
T LampejoInstitute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK.
V SathyanarayanaBarnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK.
W GelsonCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
D LeemanUK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
M DesaiUK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
S MandalUK Health Security Agency, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3379-3118
P T KennedyQueen Mary University of London, London, UK.
W L IrvingNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.

Funding

Gilead Sciences IN-UK-980-6339
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Little is known about hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection in the UK. HDV screening is recommended among all individuals with HBV, with coinfection associated with increased disease progression. Using data on HDV testing, shared by 11 laboratories in the UK who reported undertaking HDV testing, and national testing data for HBV we established a cohort of individuals tested for HDV, investigating testing pathways, describing characteristics and outcomes of those HDV-RNA positive to inform targeted interventions for testing, diagnosis and linkage to care. Demographic information, clinical assessments, treatment and recent laboratory results from NHS trusts, and through linkage to national healthcare datasets was collected for HDV-RNA positive individuals. Between 2011 and 2021, 42% of individuals newly diagnosed with HBV in England were linked to an HDV test. Anti-HDV positivity was 5.0%, 55.8% were HDV-RNA tested and 45.7% were ever HDV-RNA positive. HDV-RNA positivity in the absence of an anti-HDV result was 6.4%. Among individuals who were HDV-RNA positive, 94.3% were non-UK born, with 24 different primary languages reported, 49% had evidence of treatment, and 48% had evidence of cirrhosis. 10% had died of which 58.4% died of liver disease. In conclusion, our findings indicate that HDV testing in HBV positive individuals in the UK is sub-optimal against testing guidelines, including RNA testing among those who are anti-HDV positive. Considerable work is needed to improve the patient care pathway, to ensure patients are appropriately diagnosed, linked and retained in care, with adequate access to treatment.

Indexed as

CoinfectionHepatitis BHepatitis DHepatitis Delta VirusAdolescentAdultAgedChildFemaleHepatitis B virusHumansMaleMiddle AgedRNA, ViralUnited KingdomYoung AdultRNA, Viral

Identifiers

PMID42572155
PMCPMC13454316

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.