ArticleVeterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal2026
Genetic diversity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Iran over the past two decades.
Article in Veterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the molecular epidemiology of H9N2 viruses in Iran; however, continuous monitoring remains vital for timely interventions to mitigate potential damage. This study examined the molecular characteristics and evolutionary features of Iranian H9N2 viruses by sequencing the complete genomes of two viruses, Marand and Baneh, isolated in 1998 and 2022, respectively, alongside other Iranian strains from GenBank. All Iranian viruses were identified as low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses, as evidenced by the presence of the di-basic motif K/RSSR cleavage site. Notably, all Iranian viruses isolated from 2009 onward had an L at position 216 in the hemagglutinin receptor binding site, whereas earlier viruses exhibited a Q/L at the same position, an essential mutation that enhances replication in mammalian cells. The molecular evolutionary rates for the Iranian
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