Observational studyPeerJ2026
Observable signs of concussion in professional slap fighting using established video review protocols for professional sports: frequency, predictors, and implications for public concussion recognition awareness.
Observational study in PeerJ, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Concussion is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) with potential short- and long-term neurological consequences. Recognition of objective concussion signs remains limited. In slap fighting, a combat event involving the exchange of defenseless head contact, concussion signs are visible. The study objective was to examine the frequency of observable signs of concussion among professional slap fighters based on established video review protocols and determine whether participant characteristics predict concussion signs. Methods: Three independent reviewers evaluated publicly available video of professional slap fighting events (Power Slap™; 2023-2024) against the National Football League Concussion Protocol, the World Rugby Head Injury Assessment, and International Consensus Guidelines for observable signs of concussion. Signs were recorded for each strike and aggregated across rounds, matches, events, and combatants. Mixed effects logistic regression evaluated associations among pre-slap characteristics and the likelihood of observing a sign of concussion following a strike. Results: Combatants (60 male, three female) competed across 62 matches in six Power Slap™ events. Of the 61 combatants who received a strike, 46 exhibited at least one sign of concussion. Overall, 29% (82/280) of strikes resulted in at least one observable sign of concussion, with lower, identical results across protocol guidelines (24%; 66/280). Signs of concussion were observed in 90% (56/62) of matches. Conclusion: Observable signs of concussion from professional slap fighting occurred in one-third of strikes and the majority of matches.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.