Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42569376›Full record

ArticleNature reviews bioengineering2026

The Status of Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Carriers and Therapeutics.

Ameya P Chaudhari, Omar M Budayr, Emily E Bonacquisti, Caden C Kussatz, Mark S Bannon, Karissa J Law, Yusha Liu, Matthew L Bolton, Patrick M Glassman, Leaf Huang and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature reviews bioengineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed.

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  15. Optimizing genetic engineering approaches for protein loading into bacterial extracellular vesicles for vaginal drug delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Ameya P ChaudhariDivision of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
Omar M BudayrDivision of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
Emily E BonacquistiDivision of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
Caden C KussatzDivision of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
Mark S BannonDivision of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
Karissa J LawDivision of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
Yusha LiuDepartment of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
Matthew L BoltonDepartment of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22903, USA.
Patrick M GlassmanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Leaf HuangDivision of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
Juliane NguyenDivision of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.

Funding

Maximizing Therapeutic Accumulation and Retention for Enhanced Cardiac RepairR01HL174038 · NHLBI · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI Juliane Nguyen · 2024 to 2026
$2.1M
Developing genetically encodable probes for multimodal tracking of exosomal RNA cargoR01GM150252 · NIGMS · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI Juliane Nguyen · 2023 to 2026
$1.6M
NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL174038NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM150252
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

With their natural origin and biological compatibility, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being recognized as next-generation vehicles for targeted drug delivery. Over the last two decades, the field of EV-based drug delivery has witnessed a substantial increase in published articles. While EVs hold tremendous potential as therapeutic carriers, their utility has been limited by issues such as heterogeneity, low yields, limited cargo loading efficiency, and rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). In this review, we examine trends across research articles published between 2012 and 2024 (n = 38,177), focusing on key developments, persistent challenges, and evolving assumptions in the field. We provide an overview of the current EV landscape, discuss their organotropism, and discuss their application as carriers for nucleic acids and other therapeutic payloads. We highlight both their strengths and weaknesses compared to lipid nanoparticles and liposomes and assess the biodistribution of EVs as a function of labeling strategy and cell sources used. Finally, we outline translational considerations for EV-based therapeutics and propose additional reporting standards, complementing the MISEV 2023 guidelines.

Identifiers

PMID42569376
PMCPMC13450026

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.