ReviewFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2026
Bridging physics and biology in acupuncture: flexible multimodal bioelectronics for decoding the deqi microenvironment.
Review in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Clinical standardization of acupuncture remains limited by its reliance on empirical tactile feedback and subjective patient sensations, a physiological response collectively termed Deqi. Here, the Deqi microenvironment refers to the local, time-varying tissue domain around the needle in which mechanical deformation, microvascular perfusion, biochemical mediator release and electrophysiological activity are coupled and measurable. Conventional rigid sensing architectures cannot decode this process without disturbing it, because their stiffness can create mechanical mismatch with soft tissues, distort dynamic signals and provoke non-physiological inflammatory artifacts at the biological interface. This review examines the evolution from conventional rigid instrumentation toward flexible, multimodal bioelectronics for high-fidelity quantification of needling kinematics. Sub-micron electrospun nanomeshes, liquid metals and low-dimensional carbon networks enable the decoding of manipulation dynamics without tactile interference. These conformal arrays also support real-time,
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